The following is a comprehensive list of common terms used in reference to refugees and refugee claimants in Canada.

Asylum– The granting by a State of protection on its territory to individuals from another State who are fleeing persecution or serious danger. Asylum encompasses a variety of elements, including non-refoulement, permission to remain on the territory of the asylum country and humane standards of treatment.

Source: International Organization for Migration – Key Migration Terms

 

Asylum Seeker – an individual who has fled their country and plans to apply for refugee protection status while in Canada, but has yet to submit their claim to the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada.

Source: MUNI RFI (RFI24MUNI09)

 

Citizenship and Immigration Consultant– A person who provides support, advice or help, for a fee or other consideration, to someone who wants to immigrate to Canada or obtain Canadian citizenship. Canada’s citizenship and immigration laws define representatives and the terms of their services. This person does not work for the Canadian government.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Co-sponsor– A person or organization that partners with a private sponsor to share in the delivery of settlement assistance and support to privately sponsored refugees. Co-sponsors can be family members of the sponsored refugee living in Canada.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Convention refugee– A person who is recognized as a refugee by states under the eligibility criteria in Article 1 of the 1951 Geneva Convention and by reason of a well profound fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion is,

• Outside of their countries of nationality and is unable or, by reasons of that fear, is unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of those countries or,
• Not having a country of nationality and is outside their country of former habitual residence and is unable or, by reason of that fear, unwilling to return to that country.

Source: Canadian Council for Refugees – Refugees and Immigrants: A glossary

 

Country of citizenship– A country of which a person is a citizen. A person may be a citizen of more than one country.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Country of First Asylum– The first country in which an asylum-seeker has been granted an effective hearing of his/her application for asylum.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Country of nationality– A country of nationality is one’s country of citizenship.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Country of residence– The country a person is living in. A person’s country of residence may be different from their country or countries of citizenship.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Dependant– A spouse, common-law partner or dependent child of a permanent resident or principal applicant.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Dependent child– A child who is under the maximum age and is not married or in common law relationship. Generally, to qualify as dependants, children must be under 22 years of age and not have a spouse or common-law partner.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Deportation order– A removal order issued by either a Canada Border Services Agent (CBSA) or the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB). It requires the person to leave Canada due to serious offences or serious violations of Canada’s immigration law. A person deported from Canada may not return without written permission from the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Durable solutions– is achieved when a durable legal status is obtained which ensures national protection for civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. Durable solutions can be achieved through voluntary repatriation, local integration, resettlement or complementary ways.

Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Glossary

 

Duties of refugees– The obligations refugees must meet in the country of asylum. Under Article 2 of the 1951 Convention, refugees must conform to the laws and regulations of any country in which they find themselves. In particular, refugees must refrain from any acts that jeopardize the safety, security or public order of communities or countries of asylum.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

English as a second Language (ESL)– A program used to teach English to non-native speakers. ESL is usually taught in a setting where English is the dominant language.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Facilitator– A facilitator is a financial institution that is approved by the Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and is a member of the Canadian Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC) and helps immigrant investors make and redeem their investments.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Family Class– An immigration category that includes any family members sponsored to come to Canada by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Family members– An applicant’s closest relatives, in the context of an application to IRCC. It is defined as a spouse or common-law partner, dependent children, and their dependent children.Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

Family reunification– The process of bringing together families, particularly children and elderly dependents with previous care-providers for the purpose of establishing or re-establishing long-term care. Separation of families occurs most often during armed conflicts or massive displacements of people.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

First country of asylum– Country where international protection has been made available and is accessible to the applicant. An asylum seeker may be refused access to the asylum procedure in the country where the application has been made if the applicant has already found protection as a refugee in another country.

Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Glossary

 

French as a second Language (FSL)– A program used to teach French to non-native speakers. FSL is usually taught in a setting where French is the dominant language.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Government-assisted refugee– A person who is outside Canada and has been determined to be a Convention refugee and who receives financial or other support from the Government of Canada or Province of Quebec for up to one year after their arrival in Canada. They are usually selected from applicants referred by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other referral organizations.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Host Communities– Communities that host large populations of refugees or internally displaced persons, typically in camps or integrated into households directly.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Immigrant– A person who has settled permanently in another country. In most cases, an immigrant chooses to move to another country.

Source: Canadian Council for Refugees – Refugees and Immigrants: A glossary

 

Immigration and Refugee Protection Act– An Act respecting immigration to Canada and granting of refugee protection to persons who are displaced, persecuted or in danger.

Source: Government of Canada (Justice Laws Website) – Immigration and Refugee Protection Act S.C. 2001, c.27

 

Immigration status – A non-citizen’s position in a country for example permanent resident or visitor.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) office– An office in Canada that supports immigration, citizenship, and settlement programs. This term does not include ports of entry or case processing centres.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Internally displaced person– A person who is forced to leave their home but is still within the borders of their home country.

Source: Canadian Council for Refugees – Refugees and Immigrants: A glossary

 

International Refugee Law– The body of customary international law and international instruments that establishes standards for refugee protection. The cornerstone of refugee law is the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Irregular Movement of Refugees– The phenomenon of refugees or asylum-seekers moving illegally from a first country of asylum, in order to seek asylum or permanent settlement in another country.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Local Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) office– An IRCC service location in Canada.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Local integration– A long lasting solution to a refugee’s situation. It is more than the granting safe conditions of asylum. Local integration allows a refugee to participate broadly in the host society.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Mandate refugee– A person who is recognized as a refugee by UNHCR acting under the authority of its statute and relevant UN General Assembly resolutions. Mandate status is especially significant in States that are not party to the 1951 Geneva Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Member of the Convention Refugees Abroad Class– A person who has been determined to be a Convention refugee by a visa officer outside Canada.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Member of the country of Asylum Class– A person who is outside their home country or the country where they normally live and is seriously affected by civil war, armed conflict, or a massive violation of human rights.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Migrant– At the international level, there is no universally accepted definition of the term “migrant”. Migrants may remain in the home country or host country (“settlers”), move on to another country (“transit migrants”), or move back and forth between countries (“circular migrants” such as seasonal workers).

Source: UN Migration –Definition of Migrant

Migration– The movement of a person or a group of persons, either across an international border, or within a State. It is a population movement, encompassing any kind of movement of people, whatever its length, composition and causes; it includes migration of refugees, displaced persons, economic migrants, and persons moving for other purposes, including family reunification.

Source: UN Migration –Definition of Migrant

 

Naming– Means that Canadians can respond to the needs of individual refugees or particular refugee communities that concern them. Additionally, sponsors can propose the individual refugees they wish to resettle.

Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Glossary

 

Permanent resident– A person granted the right to live permanently in Canada. A permanent resident is someone who has been given permanent resident status by immigrating to Canada but is not a Canadian citizen. Permanent residents are citizens of other countries.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Permanent resident card– A wallet-sized plastic document issued to all new permanent residents (and to existing permanent residents, when requested) to confirm their status in Canada. The card includes identifying details and the signature of the person it was issued to.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Permanent resident status– The position of a person who has legally immigrated to Canada but is not yet a Canadian citizen.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Permanent resident visa– A document issued by an Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) visa office overseas to a foreign national. It allows that person to travel to Canada to become a permanent resident.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Person of Concern to UNHCR– A person whose protection and assistance needs are of interest to UNHCR. This includes refugees, asylum-seekers, stateless people, internally displaced people and returnees.

Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Glossary

 

Port of Entry– A place where a person may seek entry into Canada, such as at an airport, land or marine border crossing.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

• Legal point of entry into Canada, staffed by Canada Border Services Agency employees. Most POEs are at international airports, legal border crossing checkpoints with the United States, and at lake and coastal seaports.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Prima Facie Refugee– An individual who is recognized as a refugee, by a State or UNHCR, on the basis of objective criteria related to the circumstances in their country of origin, justifying a presumption that they meet the criteria of the applicable refugee definition.

Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Glossary

 

Principal Applicant– For a single applicant, it is that one person. For spouses and common law partners including those with children, it is the person with the strongest claim to persecution.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Privately sponsored refugee– A person outside Canada who has been determined to be a Convention refugee or member of the Country of Asylum class and who receives financial and other support from a private sponsor for one year after their arrival in Canada.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Protected person– A person who is determined to be either a convention refugee or in need of protection. According to Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, it includes a person who is in danger of being tortured if deported from Canada.

Source: Canadian Council for Refugees – Refugees and Immigrants: A glossary

 

Reception Centre– A location with facilities for receiving, processing and attending to the immediate needs of refugees or asylum-seekers as they arrive in a country of asylum.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Refugee (1951 Geneva Convention)– A person who due to a well profound fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion is outside of their home country or country of nationality and is unable or, by reasons of that fear, is unwilling to avail themselves to the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.

Source: International Organization for Migration – Key Migration Terms

 

Refugee and Humanitarian Resettlement Program– The Government of Canada’s program under which refugees from abroad, who meet Canada’s refugee resettlement criteria, are selected and admitted to Canada.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Refugee Camp– A plot of land temporarily made available to host refugees fleeing from an armed conflict in temporary homes. UN Agencies, particularly UNHCR, and other humanitarian organizations provide essential services in refugee camps including food, sanitation, health, medicine and education. These camps are ideally located at least 50 km away from the nearest international border to deter camp raids and other attacks on its civilian occupants.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Refugee Centres – Locations where refugees reside or may gather to receive information, counselling, material assistance or other services.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

Refugee Claimant– A person who has applied for refugee protection status while in Canada and is waiting for a decision on his/her claim from the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Refugee Coordination Model– In line with the High Commissioner’s mandate, it outlines UNHCR’s role and responsibilities and re-articulates and standardizes UNHCR’s responsibility to lead and coordinate international actions relating to refugees with all partners engaged in the response through an inter-agency platform and under the overall leadership of the host government.

Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Glossary

 

Refugee landed in Canada– A permanent resident who applied for and received permanent resident status in Canada after their refugee claim was accepted.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Refugee protection status– When a person, inland or overseas is determined to be a Convention refugee or protected person, they are said to have refugee protection status in Canada. Refugee protection is given to a person in accordance with the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Refugee Status Determination (RSD)– Legal and administrative procedures undertaken by States and/or UNHCR to determine whether an individual should be recognized as a refugee in accordance with national and international law.

Refugee travel document– A document for people in Canada with protected-person status to use for travel outside Canada. This includes refugees and people who have received a positive Pre-Removal Risk Assessment. It can be used to travel anywhere except the country the person is a citizen of or the country of claimed persecution.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

Refugee-Like Situation– The category of people in a refugee-like situation is descriptive in nature and includes groups of people who are outside their country of origin and who face protection risks similar to those of refugees, but for whom refugee status has, for practical or other reasons, not been ascertained.

Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Glossary

 

Registration– The process of identifying and documenting individuals and families of concern to UNHCR by which systematic information is obtained to facilitate protection, programme planning and verification.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Registration Card– Card issued to a refugee Head of Household giving individual identification number, indicating number of persons in family and also used as a beneficiary card for ration and other distribution. The identification number is linked to a registration form, which contains fuller information on the household.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Registration Form– The form completed prior to distribution of a registration card. Information on the Form may be computerized at a later stage.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Reintegration– A process which enables returnees to regain their physical, social, legal and material security needed to maintain life, livelihood and dignity and which eventually leads to the disappearance of any distinction or discrimination vis-à-vis their compatriots.

Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Glossary

 

Resettlement– The transfer of refugees from the country in which they have sought asylum to another State that has agreed to admit them. The refugees will usually be granted asylum or some other form of long-term resident rights and, in most cases, will have the opportunity to become naturalized citizens. For this reason, resettlement is a durable solution as well as a tool for the protection of refugees.

Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Glossary

 

Resettlement Country– A country that offers opportunities for the permanent settlement of refugees. This would be a country other than the country of origin or the country in which refugee status was first recognized.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Resettlement Selection Criteria– Criteria by which UNHCR and resettlement countries select candidates for resettlement. Resettlement under the auspices of UNHCR is strictly limited to mandate refugees who have a continued need for international protection and who meet the criteria of the UNHCR Resettlement Handbook. Individual countries use a wide range of resettlement criteria.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Residence requirement (citizenship)– For applicants who apply before June 11, 2015, this is the amount of time a permanent resident must live in Canada to be eligible for a grant of Canadian citizenship. Adults must have lived in Canada for at least three years (1,095 days) in the four years immediately preceding the date of application. It does not apply to children under 18 years old.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Residence requirement (permanent resident)– The amount of time a permanent resident must live in Canada to keep their status as a permanent resident. In most circumstances, permanent residents must live in Canada for at least two years (730 days) out of five. There may be times when you can count time outside of Canada meeting this requirement.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Returnee– A person who was of concern to UNHCR when outside his/her country of origin and who remains so, for a limited period (usually two years), after returning to the country of origin. The term also applies to internally displaced persons who return to their previous place of residence.

Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Glossary

 

Right of permanent residence fee– A charge paid by a principal applicant (with some exceptions), and a spouse or common-law partner travelling with them, before the applicant can become a permanent resident of Canada.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Safe third country– A safe third country is a country, other than Canada and the country of alleged persecution, where an individual may make a claim for refugee protection. In Canada, the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act outlines the criteria for designating a country as a safe third country.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Secondary Migration– Refers to a refugee-initiated change in location on arrival in Canada, or during the period of the sponsorship, to a destination (city or province) other than the sponsoring community, i.e., the one chosen during the selection process overseas.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Self-Help Organizations and Projects– Organizations and projects initiated, created and managed by refugees and other persons of concern for their own benefit.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Self-supporting refugee – An applicant accepted as a Convention refugee abroad, or as a member of the Country of Asylum Class, who has sufficient financial resources to support themselves in Canada.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Service Provider Organization (SPO)– A service provider organization (SPO) is an agency that provides services for newcomers to Canada. Service provider organizations offer programs that can give newcomers resources and training to live and work in Canada. Their programs can help refugees who often have a difficult time with day-to-day tasks like finding an apartment, taking public transportation, or making a doctor’s appointment. These organizations can also help refugees to complete forms, get permanent resident cards, health insurance, social insurance numbers, etc. They also offer interpretation and translation services to help with such special needs as giving medical backgrounds to doctors.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Shepherd/Usher– A refugee, respected within the community, who is responsible for ensuring that refugees know what to do during a registration exercise.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Stateless person – A person that no country recognizes as a citizen. Some refugees may be stateless but not all are. That being said, not all stateless people are refugees.

Source: Canadian Council for Refugees – Refugees and Immigrants: A glossary

 

Statutory Refugees– Persons considered to be refugees under the provisions of the international instruments that were in force before the 1951 Refugee Convention.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Subsidiary protection– Beneficiaries of subsidiary protection are persons who have been found not to meet the Convention definition of a refugee but who face a real risk of serious harm. This includes the death penalty or execution, torture or inhuman or degrading treatment, or a serious and individual threat to their life or person by reason of indiscriminate violence in situations of armed conflict.

Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Glossary

Temporary protection– An arrangement or device developed by States to offer protection, of a temporary nature, to people arriving en masse from situations of conflict or generalized violence, without prior individual status determination. Temporary protection has been mostly used in industrialized States.

Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Glossary

 

Temporary resident– A foreign national who is in Canada legally for a short period. Temporary residents include students, foreign workers and visitors, such as tourists.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Tracing– In the refugee context, efforts to ascertain the whereabouts of family members or close associates of persons of concern to UNHCR. Tracing may be conducted for the purposes of family re-unification, in the context of durable solutions, or simply to facilitate contacts between family members. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) runs a Central Tracing Agency that has special competence in this area.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Unaccompanied Minors– Persons below the legal age of majority who are not in the company of an adult who, by law or custom, is responsible to do so, such as parents, guardians or primary caregivers.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Voluntary Repatriation– The freewill of a refugee to return to their country of nationality or habitual residence. For this to be possible, the situation in the country of origin must have changed in a lasting and meaningful way that enables the refugee to return safely.

Source: Government of Canada – Immigration and Citizenship glossary

 

Well-Found Fear of Persecution– A key element of the 1951 Convention’s definition of a refugee. Well-Foundedness of fear contains both a subjective element (fear of persecution) and an objective element (the fear must have an objectively justifiable basis). According to the 1951 Convention, persecution must be linked to any one of the five specified grounds: race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group and political opinion.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

Women-At-Risk– Female refugees with special protection needs, including those who require resettlement in accordance with the UNHCR Resettlement Handbook.

Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reference:

 

 

Glossary | Global Focus. (n.d.). Retrieved December 14, 2020, from https://reporting.unhcr.org/glossary

Guide for Convention Refugees and Humanitarian-Protected Persons Abroad (IMM 6000) – Canada.ca. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2020, from https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/application/application-forms-guides/guide-6000-convention-refugees-abroad-humanitarian-protected-persons-abroad.html

Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-2.5/fulltext.html

Key Migration Terms. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2020, from

https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms#Refugee-1951-Convention

Making a Refugee Claim – United Nations Refugee Agency. (n.d.). Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://www.unhcr.ca/in-canada/making-refugee-claim/

Refugee claimants: comment on use of terms. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://ccrweb.ca/en/refugee-claimants-comment-use-terms

Refugees and Immigrants: A glossary. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2020, from https://ccrweb.ca/en/glossary

Service Canada. (n.d.). Glossary – Canada.ca. Retrieved December 20, 2020, from https://www.canada.ca/en/services/immigration-citizenship/helpcentre/glossary.html#government_assisted_refugee

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2005). UNHCR Global Report. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/449267670.pdf

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (n.d.). Refworld | UNHCR Master Glossary of Terms. Retrieved December 15, 2020, from https://www.refworld.org/docid/42ce7d444.html